New Rules Of The Road Essays - Cycling, Physical Exercise

New Rules of the Road First is the security of bikers who must impart the streets to vehicles. Similarly as unsettling is the high occurrence of mishaps on ways confined to use by people on foot, skateboarders, and different bikers. Showing cycling decorum and assigning streets as multi-vehicle thruways are economical and handy and can mitigate most of perils bikers face. A Touch of Irony You need incongruity? Attempt this bit of data: as indicated by The Daily Microcosm's Anna Fornos, a city which supports three yearly cycling occasions and supports the region's elective transportation program, there is definitely not a solitary bicycle path. We have to consider planning something for turn around the current circumstance. Furthermore, since we have the name of a monster company backing us, there's no motivation to stay quiet with respect to the absence of bike and person on foot offices in our locale. The Future of Bicycle Transportation At the present time the city is drafting a transportation plan, and not of second too early. Katherine Fornos claims that if a developing city doesn't accomodate cyclists who ride to work, individuals who have ridden to work for a considerable length of time will never again be riding to work. Ms. Fornos proceeds to state the accompanying: There isn't one arrangement to suit bikers. Maybe it's an oversight. Or then again maybe it's the absence of bikers in the city chamber. We can securely expect that the chief of the Losantiville Planning Organization doesn't bicycle (at any rate, not outside). What We Can Do So if it's somebody with administrative draw we need, we can go directly to the senator's office and discover a state bike facilitator. With some weight she will work with nearby governments to distribute some street cash to non-parkway programs. In any case, except if we make some noise, we'll go unnoticed.

Comparison on Computation Cost of the Cloud

Examination on Computation Cost of the Cloud In this part, we list the examination on calculation cost of the cloud for record transfer among †¦ and our plan. Computational Cost Information get to issues in the field of the distributed computing give a decent estimation based execution as referenced along this exploration, and thus, the security highlights can be improved utilizing the new proposed model just as an appropriate computational expense. Nonetheless, the proposed convention gives these focal points and assesses the presentation dependent on computational expense and security necessities. The exhibition of our proposed plot is assessed utilizing the current exploratory in [33] [34] [35] for an assortment of cryptographic tasks utilizing MIRACLE [36] in PIV 3 GHZ processor with Windows XP working framework and 512 MB memory. From [33] [34] [35] the relative running time for the tasks we embraced in our proposed plan and we characterize a few terms for the running time counts: Tp= Pairing operation= 20.01 ms Th= Hash function= 3.04 ms Tpm= Pairing-based scalar multiplication= 6.38 ms Tec= ECC-based scalar multiplication= 0.83 ms Different tasks: overlooked The accompanying tables represents the presentation proficiency dependent on running time which is center around client side including information proprietor: Table 1: Computational Cost-based Performance Efficiency Phases↠Tasks Running time (ms) Key Generation Tec+2Th 6.91 Transfer Tp+Th 23.05 Download (Transformation Key) Tpm 6.38 All out Tp+ Tpm+Tec+3Th 36.34 The accompanying table shows correlation between [37] [38] and our plan in the significant procedure which is document transfer/download, with record in any size (not influenced) and for one client: Table 2: Comparison of Computational Cost-based Performance Efficiency Referencesâ†' Ref [37] Ref [38] Our plan Transfer 872.09 33.24 23.05 Download 400.21 39.25 6.38 All out 1272.30 72.49 29.43 From the above tables we obviously can see that our proposed model is progressively productive and has low running time without a doubt. The accompanying figure can rearrange this examination: Figure 1: Comparison of execution productivity based running time Security necessity In the security parts of our proposed model, we can see that this model can accomplish AC, FR, DC, IG, security necessities. Moreover, this model give a cost-based productive plan, yet in addition give a high secure and strong model against assaults, for example, Anti-arrangement, Replay, MITM, and DoS assaults as follows: Hostile to arrangement attackâ â Some unapproved clients or individuals whose characteristics don't fulfill the entrance strategy, they may likewise attempt to get to the information by plotting along with different clients or even the specialist co-op to bargain a few information proprietors protection. Our plan is viewed as it to be secure against this assault due when a client is denied, the gathering supervisor refreshes the disavowal list (RL) put away in the cloud with another. Likewise, the gathering chief adds a period stamp to the information documents and signs, to ensure that the cloud refreshes the information records.  New DF = sign ts (à °Ã¢ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¥ ¸Ã£ °Ã¢ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ«Å" =(㠢å ¸Ã¢ ¨Ã£ °Ã¢ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢ ¢,㠰⠝‘æ'(㠰⠝‘â ¢)㠢å ¸Ã¢ © ∀㠰⠝‘â ¢-∈㠰⠝‘†¦Ã£ °Ã¢ Ã¢ Ã¢ ¿), bunch id, CT ) Replay assault Replay assaults are organize assaults in which the aggressor sees the discussion between the sender and beneficiary and takes the verified data for example sharing key and afterward contact to the beneficiary with that key. In addition, our plan is viewed as it to be secure against this assault because of impermanent meeting by utilizing timestamp for scrambled information. Man-in-the-Middle Attack (MITM) Man-in-the-center assault has gotten very well known in the SaaS condition. Here the assailant captures the correspondence channel built up between real clients and alters the correspondence among customer and server without their insight. In addition, our plan is viewed as it to be secure against this assault due to encoded characters and the hash work utilized in the term of key age: Forswearing of Service Attack (DOS): Most of the genuine assaults in cloud computing.â Inâ Denialâ ofâ serviceâ attackâ anâ attackerâ preventâ legitimateâ usersâ ofâ serviceâ fromâ usingâ the ideal assets by flood a system or by devouring transmission capacity .So confirmation is have to recognize legitimatedâ clientsâ fromâ maliciousâ clients,â whichâ canâ beâ performedâ throughâ strongâ cryptographic check. In addition, our plan is viewed as it to be secure against this assault because of the customer makes a special HMAC, or hash, per solicitation to the cloud by brushing the solicitation information and hashing that information, alongside his id and sending it as a major aspect of a solicitation. The cloud gets the solicitation and recovers its own interesting HMAC. The cloud analyzes the two HMACs, and, if theyre equivalent, the customer is trusted and the solicitation is executed. Solicitation | tk+ H(id)  For persuade, we characterize the accompanying terms: Air conditioning: Access control FR: Flexible denial DC: Data classification IG: Integrity Sym: Symmetric Algorithm CT: Computational expense TS: Timestamp ODBE: RBE: Role based encryption LGS: utilizing bunch signature DBE: dynamic communicate encryption Table 3 Security necessity correlation Referencesâ†' Ref [ 38] Ref [39] Ref [40] Our plan Methods Sym DBE RBE ABE Highlights Air conditioning, DC Air conditioning, DC Air conditioning Air conditioning, FR, DC, IG Remarks High CT, No TS High CT, No TS High CT, No TS Low CT,TS Against intrigue assault √ Replay assault √ MITM assault √ DoS assault √ É â implies the plan can accomplish the relating objective. By and large and from the above examinations, our plan can accomplish information secrecy, secureâ â get to control, honesty andâ â adaptable revocation.â For unmistakably observing the upsides of security of our proposed plot, as clarify in table 3, we list a table contrasted and ref [38], ref [39] and ref [40].

Marijuana Use and Depression A Complex Relationship

Marijuana Use and Depression A Complex Relationship Addiction Drug Use Marijuana Print Using Marijuana to Treat Depression By Nancy Schimelpfening Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be. Learn about our editorial policy Nancy Schimelpfening Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on February 07, 2020 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD on February 07, 2020 Depression Overview Types Symptoms Causes & Risk Factors Diagnosis Treatment Coping ADA & Your Rights Depression in Kids Getty Images Europe With states across the nation passing laws allowing for the medical use of marijuana, much debate has ensued over which conditions should qualify patients for approved use. Depression is one such condition that has been discussed, and the research is mixed.  Depression and marijuana use often exist side-by-side in patients, but teasing apart their relationship to one another is a chicken-and-egg problem researcher have yet to solve. Can Marijuana Help Treat Depression? A February 2015 study by researchers at the University of Buffalos Research Institute on Addictions found that chemical compounds in the brain known as endocannabinoids, which are linked to feelings of overall well-being, activate the same receptors as many of the active compounds in marijuana.?? In testing on rats, the researchers found that the production of endocannabinoids was lower in states of chronic stress than under normal conditions. They concluded that the chemicals in cannabis may be a useful treatment in restoring normal endocannabinoid function and alleviating symptoms of depression. Drawbacks of Treating Depression With Marijuana Although there is some evidence that marijuana may have antidepressant properties, many argue there are also some important drawbacks to its usage. There is a well-known phenomenon called amotivational syndrome,  in which chronic cannabis users become apathetic, socially withdrawn, and perform at a level of everyday functioning well below their capacity prior to their marijuana use.?? There are also other studies that indicate that marijuana is associated with an increased risk for depression. Depression and Marijuana Use May Have Same Root Cause Most health care researchers and practitioners accept the theory that genetic, environmental, or other factors are the root cause of depression. Some believe that these same causes can lead to marijuana use. Participants in a 1997 pilot study  reported that one of the reasons they continued to smoke marijuana was that they felt it relieved their symptoms of depression and anxiety.?? Some research indicates that marijuana users (especially regular or heavy users) are more likely to be diagnosed with depression than those who dont use the drug. But research has failed to conclude that there is a causation relationship at play: it is not clear that depression directly results from marijuana use. In some patients with a predisposition to other mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder, marijuana use may serve as a trigger for the diseases expression.  There also is some evidence that teenagers who attempt suicide may be more likely to have used marijuana than those who have not made an attempt. As with marijuana use and depression, more research is needed to better understand these associations.  As states continue to pass medical marijuana laws  and refine the criteria for eligibility, more research will likely go further toward exploring the relationship between depression and marijuana use. The 7 Best Online Help Resources for Depression

Childhood Obesity The Prevalence Of Obesity - 1525 Words

In recent years, the world’s prevalence of obesity in children has increased alarmingly in most of the countries. It is estimated that 170 million of children under 18 years old are overweight, in the US there is a 30% prevalence of obesity, similarly 27% of children in Mexico are obese (OCDE, 2014; Gutià ©rrez et al., 2012). In some countries like East Germany, New Zealand, the Netherlands and Canada the prevalence of overweight children had risen by one percentage point each year (Wang Lobestein, 2006). According to an OCDE report obesity rates have grown more rapidly with low socioeconomic and education (OCDE, 2014). Childhood obesity is of concern because obese children are more likely to keep excess weight in adulthood increasing their risk of developing chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension or cardiovascular diseases (Currie et al., 2012). Currently, cases of children and adolescents with insulin resistance, diabetes, dyslipidemia or hypertension, obesity-related conditions have been reported (Pires et al, 2014; Sorof and Daniels, 2002). The causes of childhood obesity can be attributed to various factors such as a higher calorie intake, especially from fat and sugar, a marked decrease in physical and other social factors such as food advertising, sedentary lifestyles, agricultural and health policies, built in environment, transportation, food availability and education among others (WHO, 2015; Robinson, 1999). The World Health Organization also recognizesShow MoreRelatedThe Prevalence Of Childhood Obesity Essay1860 Words   |  8 PagesThe prevalence of childhood obesity in the United States has greatly increased in the past two to three decades 1, while incidence of obesity has doubled worldwide since 1980 2. Today, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates over 170 million children and adolescents worldwide are overweight. Particularly in the United States, prevalence of obesity in children has increased from 13.9% in 1999 to 31.8% in 2010 3. After nearly two decades of increase, the rates have started to plateau 4. ThresholdsRead MoreThe Prevalence Of Childhood Obesity1678 Words   |  7 PagesThe prevalence of childhood obesity has remained a serious matter in the United States over the years despite its recent decline (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015). Children who are obese can experience the same devastating health effects as adults who are obese – car diovascular issues, diabetes, breathing problems, and so forth. In addition, children who are obese are more than likely to become obese as adults, therefore the development of a health fair that would highlight increasedRead MoreThe Importance Of Childhood Obesity In Canada1072 Words   |  5 PagesThe prevalence of childhood obesity is growing at a frightening rate. By definition, children ages 2-17 years of age that are at, or above the 95th percentile for BMI are obese (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017). On the global scale, Canada is ranked eleventh highest for childhood obesity (OECD, 2014) with more than one in four children in Canada being obese (Public Health Agency of Canada, 2012). 31.5% of Canadian children aged 5 to 17 were overweight (19.8%) or obese (11.7%) inRead MoreEssay on Childhood Obesity1599 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood obesity is one of the most serious public health challenges of the 21st century. The problem is global and is steadily aff ecting many low- and middle-income families particularly in the United States. The socioeconomic status of these families contributes to the childhood obesity epidemic. Summary of Article 1 The article, â€Å"Beliefs about the Role of Parenting in Feeding and Childhood Obesity among Mothers of Lower Socioeconomic Status† is a study that was conducted by Alison KalinowskiRead MoreChildhood Obesity Is A National Epidemic1406 Words   |  6 PagesChildhood obesity is a national epidemic. Nearly 1 in 3 children (ages 2-19) in the United States is overweight or obese, putting them at risk for serious health problems. Studies show that overweight kids are likely to become overweight and obese adults. This is a significant issue in the U.S. and needs to be monitored closely. Some parents are in denial that their children are obese and do not do anything to help or prevent it. When obesity is a problem at a young age it is very easy to have, itRead MoreSurgeon General Project: Childhoudd Obesity1734 Words   |  7 PagesSURGEON GENERAL PROJECT Childhood Obesity Over the last few decades the prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents has been steadily increasing in the United States drawing immediate concern for the coming generations and the overall health and well-being for society. While addressing this concern, a matter of significance has to be reviewed to undoubtedly warrant the attention of the nation and propose factors of government, community, organizational, and individual involvement. AccordingRead MorePrevalence Of Overweight And Obesity Essay1249 Words   |  5 PagesThe aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of overweight/obesity among parents of children entering childhood obesity treatment and to evaluate changes in the parents’ weight during their child’s treatment (Trier, 2016). The study included the parents of 1,125 children and adolescents (aged 3-22) who were enrolled in a children obesity treatment program. They began by taking the heights and weights of the children and the BMI scor es were calculated. After 2.5 years of treatment, theRead MoreThe World Health Organization (Who, 2016) Has Recognized1510 Words   |  7 Pages The World Health Organization (WHO, 2016) has recognized childhood obesity as one of the most significant public health issues of the 21st century. In 2011-2014, the prevalence of obesity among children living in the United States aged 2-19 was 17% (Ogden, Carroll, Fryar, Flegal, 2015). While this percentage has stabilized in the past 10 years, millions of children are affected by this disease and at risk for chronic comorbities (Shapiro, Arevalo, Tolentino, Machuca, Applebaum, 2014). UnfortunatelyRead MorePreventing Chilhood Obesity : Parenting Programme For Early Years1073 Words   |  5 PagesCHILHOOD OBESITY – PARENTING PROGRAMME FOR EARLY YEARS BACKGROUND Obesity, defined as ‘an excessive amount of body fat relative to body weight’ (Heyward, 2010, p.232) has reached global epidemic proportions and it is the fifth leading risk for global deaths with 2.8 million adults dying every year (World Health Organization, 2013). In addition, worldwide, more than 40 million children under the age of 5 were overweight in 2011 (World Health Organization, 2013a). Consequently, childhood obesity is becomingRead MoreChildhood Obesity Is Becoming A Major Public Health Problem1367 Words   |  6 PagesOver the past decade, there has been a rise in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents, In 2013, the number of children (under 5 Years) said to be overweight was over 42 million with 31 million of them living in developing countries. (WHO, 2015), and if not properly handled, could lead to serious health problems like cardiovascular disease. (Owen et al., 2009). Childhood Obesity is becoming a major public health p roblem and if not properly talked could lead to serious

The Chimney Sweeper By William Blake - 1487 Words

The end of the eighteenth century was a dangerous time to be a child living in England; common folk everywhere were struggling to get by. Parents could not afford to feed and care for their children, so mothers and fathers had no choice but to sell their sons and daughters. Unfortunately, the career that children were forced into was chimney sweeping, which had a terrifyingly high mortality rate. The poem, â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper†, written by William Blake, tells the heartbreaking story of a child who is sold into chimney sweeping at a young age and leads a devastating life. After reading Blake’s poem about the sweepers, one may begin to wonder how it was possible for children to be treated so poorly, and how the king of that time could allow conditions for his people to get so bad. Thomas Paine shared his opinion on the caste system in his work Rights of Man. Paine explains that there are plenty of people that have lived undesirable lives for the king who are not ack nowledged in politics, like the common folk who have been let down by the flawed caste system, including the chimney sweepers and other laborers. Because of the immense inequality taking place during this time, simply through birthrights, it becomes an important topic to focus in on. The works of Blake and Paine together give the audiences a new point of view on England’s political system at the end of the eighteenth century. These works protest the push away from the establishment and a push towards representingShow MoreRelatedThe Chimney Sweeper By William Blake1306 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Blake published â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† in 1789 in the first phase of his collection of poems entitled â€Å"Songs of Innocence†. A later poem under the same name was published five years later in his follow up collection, â€Å"Songs of Experience†. The chimney sweeper’s tale begins in Songs of Innocence with the introduction of a young boy who was s old by his father after the death of his mother; the poem then shifts in the next stanza to describe the speaker’s friend Tom Dacre, another chimney sweeperRead MoreThe Chimney Sweepers By William Blake862 Words   |  4 Pages The Chimney Sweepers William Blake has written two poems with the same title of Chimney Sweeper, however each poem was written to portray a different perspective of similar situations. The poem Chimney Sweep (Songs of Experience) is written in a bleaker scope compared to Chimney Sweep (Songs of Innocence) which happens to be much more optimistic.Willaim Blake had written these stories as foils of one another and which has helped readers compare and contrast the messages that the poems are tryingRead MoreThe Chimney Sweeper by William Blake1202 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Blake, author of Songs of Experience, wrote various poems, which are accompanied by their contradicting Songs of Innocence poems. Through the contradiction of both poems, Blake emphasizes the need for both innocence and experience in order to live a good life. In â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper†, Blake shows the life of a young orphan boy. In the songs of innocence poem, the boy is naive and is unaware of the injustice around him; how ever, the songs of experience poem contradict that life style andRead MoreChimney Sweeper William Blake2301 Words   |  10 PagesWilliam Blake proved himself as one of the most influential artists to spring from the Romantic Era without a doubt. What made Blake so popular may have been his ability to portray his time period in works of art that were beautifully crafted. Blake’s poetry was not appreciated during his lifetime because people were living the lives his works vicariously told, but once his time period ended, a historical book was left behind. The theme of a struggle is most prominently showcased in Blake’s poetryRead MoreThe Chimney Sweeper By William Blake1887 Words   |  8 PagesWilliam Blake, author of The Chimney Sweeper, gives the reader an uncomfortable feeling of the acceptance, and cruelty of child labor. With the use of anecdote, biblical allusions and a very sympathetic and retributive tone—Blake is able to transform the surreal idea of child labor into a visual reality. The poem revolves around a little boy, who the narrator describes as a â€Å"little black thing†, who is working as a sweeper in very poor and hopeless conditions. Through the voice of the child chimneyRead MoreThe Chimney Sweeper by William Blake515 Words   |  2 PagesWilliam Blake’s poem, â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† is a poem about children losing their innocence and being forced to clean chimneys. The setting is in the industrial period when children in orphanages being sent to work at such a young age. The young boys were usually the ones to be put to work because they were small enough to get into the chimneys and clean them. Children in this era eventually were diagnosed with Black Lung Disease because they inhaled too much soot in their lungs. The poem opensRead MoreThe Chimney Sweeper by William Blake Essay596 Words   |  3 PagesIn the Chimney Sweeper, William Blake portrays the lack of innocence in these young boys lives since they are expected to have attained the experience to preform such unjust actions. The speaker of the poem begins it by letting us know that after his mother passed away his father gave him up to be a chimneysweeper so he could obtain money. These two figures, his mother and father are whom kids are supposed to depend on and look up for guidance. He feels abandoned because his mother is gone andRead MoreSocial Criticism in William Blakes Chimney Sweeper3015 Words   |  13 PagesSocial Criticism in William Blake’s â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† ‘The Chimney Sweeper’ by William Blake criticises child labour and especially society that sees the children’s misery but chooses to look away and it reveals the change of the mental state of those children who were forced to do such cruel work at the age of four to nine years. It shows the change from an innocent child that dreams of its rescue to the child that has accepted its fate. Those lives seem to oppose each other and yet if one readsRead MoreWilliam Blake s Inscription On The Young Chimney Sweepers1382 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Blake s Inscription on the Young Chimney Sweepers By: Kyle Fitch Prof. Joseph McNally Engl. 3312 B April 20, 2015 A key point in the history of mankind was the Industrial Revolution. It was also a difficult time in history in terms of suffering, especially for the lower class that had to work twice as hard as the upper class for minimum wage. A young poet by the name of William Blake became livid and motivated in the late eighteenth century by the coldhearted usage of young boysRead MoreThe Chimney Sweeper and London by William Blake and Tich Miller and Timothy Winters2299 Words   |  10 PagesThe two poems â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† and â€Å"London† by William Blake, and the two poems â€Å"Tich Miller† and â€Å"Timothy Winters† are all on a theme of childhood, however, they are set in different eras and so childhood should be very different. Discuss this, comparing and contrasting the poems. As a child, William Blake was a loner. He never socialised with other children and sat by himself reading the Bible. His family were very religious, but did not agree with organised religion. This meant

Subject Content Knowledge For The In Field Assessment Education Essay Free Essays

string(92) " this survey may turn out to be important to the professional development community at big\." In 2002, teacher abrasion rates and keeping jobs ( Ingersoll, 2002 ) compounded the issue of out-of-field instructors, increasing the strain of run intoing the demands of puting a extremely qualified instructor in every schoolroom ( NCLB, 2001 ) . In President Bush ‘s 2006 State of the Union Address he pledged to make an extra 30,000 new mathematics and scientific discipline instructors to rectify for these deficits ( Bush, 2006 ) . Interestingly, in 2009 Ingersoll concluded that the instructor deficits were no longer the taking cause of the deficiency of high quality instructors but instead it was due to permeant school staffing and direction jobs. We will write a custom essay sample on Subject Content Knowledge For The In Field Assessment Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now A Teacher deficits are still a major, nevertheless ; several research surveies have found that â€Å" extremely qualified † instructor shortages has become an even greater concern ( Blank, Langesen, Laird, DeMello, 2003 ; National Academy of Sciences, 2007 ; National Center for Education Statistics, 1997 ; Ingersoll, 2002 ; Rumberger, 1987 ; U.S. Department of Education, 2009 ) . Drum sanders ( 2004 ) concluded that 57 % of in-between school pupils were taught by a instructor who had non earned adequate college credits to declare a minor country of survey in a related field ; , 48 % of in-between school physical scientific discipline pupils were taught by a instructor missing a child in a related field. More late, a survey by Schools and Trust ( 2008 ) found that teacher mis-assignments totaled 27 % of the nucleus classs in the state ‘s high-poverty schools. Mis-assignment is the assignment of a certified instructor to learn in a content country that he or she does non hol d an indorsement or major, and therefore has deficient content command. Alternatively, these instructors may be considered partly out-of field. Out-of-field assignments are still rather common. In each of the six old ages of informations aggregation, Donaldson and Johnson ( 2010 ) found that anyplace from 57 % to 74 % of math instructors, 16 % to 31 % of societal surveies instructors, and 38 % to 48 % of scientific discipline instructors lacked a major in the field they were learning. Out-of-field assignments were most prevailing in the first one or two old ages of respondents ‘ callings ( Donaldson A ; Johnson, 2010 ) . Despite a extremely qualified position, if a instructor is mis-assigned or learning wholly out-of-field they are missing the necessary preparation and cognition needed to decently turn to the demands of the pupils. Filling the schoolroom with quality instructors remains a primary concern within the educational system. Having extremely qualified instructors with cognition and background in their content countries and strong supervising from content leaders and decision makers is critical to the success of their pupils ( Garner, 2007 ) . The National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education has claimed that teacher quality represents â€Å" the parallel development of learning cognition that is specific to the content being taught, every bit good as general pedagogical cognition † ( Hattie, 2008 ) . This research survey examined the differences in instructor quality when instructors are outside their primary field of survey. This step of instructor quality represents a contemplation of a instructor ‘s capable content cognition ( SCK ) and pedagogical content cognition ( PCK ) . The two cognition spheres of each instructor were measured both in math ( in-field tonss ) and in scientific discipline ( out-of-field tonss ) . Hill, Rowan, and Ball ( 2005 ) found that instructors ‘ mathematical cognition was significantly related to student achievement additions. Furthermore, there are several surveies that indicate instructors that have a grade majoring in mathematics are strongly associated with higher pupil accomplishment in high school and in-between school ( Aaronson, Barrow, A ; Sanders, 2007 ; Frome, Lasater, A ; Cooney, 2005: Goldhaber A ; Brewer, 2000: Monk, 1994 ; Wenglinsky, 2000, 2002 ) . It has besides been shown that teacher subject-area enfranchisement is systematically and strongly associated with high school and in-between school pupil accomplishment ( Cavalluzzo, 2004 ; Goldhaber A ; Brewer, 2000 ) . Several research surveies exist, sing either teacher effectivity, teacher quality, or pupil accomplishment, each of which step in some signifier or another both pedagogical content cognition and capable content cognition of the instructors ( Hauk, Jackson, A ; Noblet, 2010 ; Saderholm, A Ronau, Brown, A ; Collins, 2010 ) . Similarly, in this survey the research worker measured the capable content cognition and the pedagogical content cognition of instructors as the finding step of instructor quality. Specifically, in-between school mathematics instructors ‘ capable content cognition and pedagogical content cognition in mathematics were compared to their capable content cognition and pedagogical content cognition in physical scientific discipline. In this survey 21 in-between school mathematics instructors were given the Diagnostic Teacher Assessment of Mathematics and Science ( DTAMS ) Instrument for both mathematics ( Algebraic Ideas Assessment ) and Science ( Physical Science Assessment ) . The DTAMS instrument has been shown to be both a valid and dependable study designed to mensurate Capable Content Knowledge and Pedagogical Content Knowledge in math and scientific discipline ( Brown, McGatha, A ; Karp, 2006 ) . Both Subject Content Knowledge and Pedagogical Content Knowledge have been used to mensurate teacher effectivity and finally a step of instructor quality ( Ball, Thames, A ; Phelps, 2008 ; Hill, Ball, A ; Schilling ; 2008 ; Manizade, 2007 ) . Once both Subject Content Knowledge and Pedagogical Content Knowledge tonss are established they were combined to organize a step for teacher quality. This was done for both in-field tonss and out-of-field tonss. After which the instructor quality tonss for both in-field and out-of-field were straight compared to bespeak the grade to which a instructor either additions or losingss quality. This research survey addresses the inquiry: What is the difference in quality of an in-field instructor compared to an out-of-field instructor – specifically in math as the in-field and scientific discipline as the out-of-field content country? Two features that continue to come up when reexamining surveies affecting instructor effectivity are the instructors ‘ natural cognition of the capable affair and their ability to transform that cognition into an prosecuting lesson for pupils. These properties of instructor effectivity are more normally referred to as capable content cognition and pedagogical content cognition. This survey may offer a more direct comparing of a instructor ‘s ability to utilize these traits outside their primary field of survey. The results of this survey may turn out to be important to the professional development community at big. You read "Subject Content Knowledge For The In Field Assessment Education Essay" in category "Essay examples" Furthermore, the consequences of this survey may congratulate an of import research undertaking, titled â€Å" Measures of Effective Teaching † ( MET ) , sponsored by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Developed by research workers at Educati onal Testing Service ( ETS ) and the University of Michigan, the MET is designed to mensurate non-traditional facets of cognition particular to instruction. The research worker administered both the mathematics part ( Algebraic Ideas ) and the scientific discipline part ( Physical Science ) of the DTAMS study, designed to mensurate both the pedagogical content cognition every bit good as capable content cognition, to attest in-between school mathematics instructors. The studies were so scored by the University of Louisville Center for Research in Mathematics and Science Teacher Development ( CRMSTD ) staff. The tonss from the mathematics part of the DTAMS were used as the baseline tonss and referred to as the in-field tonss. The tonss from the scientific discipline part of the DTAMS were referred to as the out-of-field tonss. The grade to which the in-field tonss differ from the out-of-field tonss indicated the expected alteration in a instructor ‘s cognition domains when learning outside her primary field of survey. One of the primary restrictions of this survey stemmed from the size of the population. The appraisal in this survey was based on self-reported responses ; nevertheless, it is expected that since the participants are professionals their responses were echt. The population size is restricted for two grounds. First, each participant was expected to finish two studies that took about one hr each. This was a clip devouring undertaking, and it was hard to happen adequate in-between school math instructors that were willing to take part. Second, each study cost the research worker 10 dollars to be evaluated by the trained scorers from The University of Louisville Center for Research in Mathematics and Science Teacher Development. It should be noted that the participants were purely voluntary and were non compensated. Using trained scorers was necessary to guarantee the cogency and dependability of the studies. Problem Background It was reported that in 2000, 23 % of public in-between school pupils and 10 % of public high school pupils received their instruction in mathematics by instructors without a major or enfranchisement in math instruction. These Numberss are somewhat greater when looking at private schools ( Seastrom, Gruber, Henke, McGrath, A ; Cohen, 2002 ) . Donaldson and Johnson ( 2010 ) found the Numberss to be more disturbing. With six old ages of informations aggregation, Donaldson and Johnson found that anyplace from 57 % to 74 % of math instructors, 16 % to 31 % of societal surveies instructors, and 38 % to 48 % of scientific discipline instructors lacked a major in the field they were learning. With new statistical and analytical methods used by a broad scope of research workers, grounds has been mounting that teacher quality can account for a big portion of discrepancy in student trial tonss ( Boyd, Lankford, Loeb, Rockoff, A ; Wyckoff, 2008 ; Ferguson, 1991 ; Hanushek, 1996 ; Hanushek, Kain, A ; Rivkin, 2009 ; Rockoff, 2004 ) . Quality instructors are indispensable to the success of any school plan. The two most of import properties of a quality instructor is their capable content cognition and their pedagogical content cognition ( Even, 1993 ; Hill, Rowan, A ; Ball, 2005 ; Ma, 1999 ; RAND, 2003 ) . Teachers who have met the demanding criterions of National Board Certification and those who have generated higher â€Å" value-added † pupil accomplishment additions are far less likely to learn economically disadvantaged and minority pupils ( Cavalluzzo, 2004 ; Goldhaber A ; Anthony, 2004 ; Humphrey, Koppich, A ; Hough, 2005 ; Sanders A ; Rivers, 1996 ) . As a consequence, high-poverty schools are more likely to be beset with learning vacancies in math and particular instruction, and much more likely to staff schoolrooms with out-of-field, inexperient and less-prepared instructors. ( Ingersoll, 2002 ; Mayer, Mullens, A ; Moore, 2002 ; Strizek, Pittsonberger, Riordan, Lyter, A ; Orlofsky, 2006 ) . The pattern of engaging instructors to learn topics that they are non qualified for is good documented and a serious hurt to the territories, the instructors and most significantly the success of the pupils. This is particularly true in high minority and high poorness countries. The dearth in the literature occurs when trying to quantify the grade to which an out-of-field instructor differs in abilities and strengths to instructors that remain within their primary field of survey. A few more recent surveies have shown that a decently certified instructor who is learning in their specific field of survey contributes greatly to the success of their pupils. Out-of-field instructors are significantly less successful in increasing pupil accomplishment ( Board of Regents, 2008 ) . Research has besides systematically and clearly pointed out that effectual instruction is a extremely important factor impacting pupil accomplishment ( Babu A ; Mendro, 2003 ; Hanushek, Kain, A ; Rivkin, 2009 ) . Furthermore when it comes to effectual instruction, research has found that teacher experience and capable content cognition has systematically shown important impact on pupil accomplishment ( Gordon, Kane, A ; Staiger, 2006 ; A Rice, 2003 ; Hanushek, Kain, A ; Rivkin, 2009 ; Rockoff, May 2004 ) . Effective instruction implies instructors have well-developed pedagogical content cognition, yet this cognition develops over clip ( Ball, Lubienski, A ; Mewborn, 2001 ; Grossman, 1 990 ) . A turning figure of research surveies are trying to flesh out a relationship between capable content cognition and pedagogical content cognition ( Ball, 1990 ; Ball, Hill A ; Schilling, 2004 ; Ball, Thames, A ; Phelps, 2008 ; Hill, Ball, A ; Schilling, 2008 ; Ma, 1999 ; Manizade, 2007 ; Shulman, 1986 ; Thornton, 2004 ; Wilson, Shulman A ; Richert, 1987 ) . Shin, Koehler, Mishra, Schmidt, Baran, and Thompson ( 2009 ) demonstrated thatA the degree of pedagogical content cognition of a instructor contributes significantly toward effectual instruction and pupil public presentation. Furthermore, there have been an increased figure of research surveies trying to operationalize the step of instructor ‘s pedagogical content cognition by manner of a paper pencil system or online study ( Ball, 2003 ; Kromrey A ; Renfrow, 1991 ; Shin et al. , 2009 ) . Saderholm, A Ronau, Brown, and Collins ( 2010 ) have late contributed to the hunt for instructor quality by formalizing the Diagnostic Teacher Assessment in Mathematics and Science ( DTAMS ) mathematics appraisals for middle-school instructors. The dependability and cogency of the DTAMS appraisals were ab initio established by using adept inquiry composing squads and referees every bit good as reexamining national criterions for content.A DTAMS measures both capable content cognition and pedagogical content cognition in several math and scientific discipline subjects. These subjects are straight related to teacher quality and pupil accomplishment. There were two distinguishable ( DTAMS ) appraisals that were utilized in this survey. The in-field ( mathematics ) DTAMS Algebraic Ideas appraisal measuredA memorized cognition, conceptual apprehension, higher-order thought, and pedagogical content cognition. The out-of-field ( scientific discipline ) Physical Science appraisal measured declaratory cognition, scientific enquiry and processs, conventional cognition, pedagogical content cognition, and scientific discipline, engineering, and society cognition ( Brown, McGatha, A ; Karp, 2006 ) . Purpose of the Study This survey was designed to mensurate the alteration in a instructor ‘s capable and pedagogical properties if they were to learn outside of her field of survey. By understanding the grade to which a instructor ‘s cognition spheres change when learning merely outside of their primary field of survey, pedagogues and decision makers would hold a more clear apprehension as to the effects an out-of-field instructor may hold on his or her pupils. More specifically, this survey focused in on two closely related Fieldss, mathematics and physical scientific discipline. This offers an exceeding penetration as to the alone differences in both capable content and pedagogical content cognition that an out-of-field instructor would hold in the instruction of pupils. These differences could function as a pace stick for disposal and policy shapers as they consider the issue of engaging out-of-field instructors and ultimate success or failure of their pupils and schools. It has been good established that non merely is the quality of the instructor the individual most of import schooling factor foretelling pupil results ( Ferguson 1998 ; Goldhaber 2002 ; Goldhaber, 1999 ; Hanushek, 1999 ) , but that â€Å" the quality of a instructor can do the difference of a full twelvemonth ‘s acquisition growing † ( Hanushek, 1992, p.8 ) . Furthermore, many research workers and pedagogues agree that a combination of both capable content cognition and pedagogical content cognition are the primary properties of a quality instructor ( Ball A ; Bass, 2000 ; Ma, 1999 ; Rowland, Martyn, Barber A ; Heal, 2000 ; Shulman 1986, 1987, 1996 ) . Research Questions This research is designed to reply several inquiries. First, how much capable content cognition is gained or lost when a in-between school mathematics teacher Teachs outside his/her field in physical scientific discipline? H1: In-between school instructors certified to learn mathematics will demo a lessening in capable content cognition when they teach outside of their field, physical scientific discipline. H1a: In-between school instructors certified to learn mathematics will demo no important alteration in capable content cognition when they teach outside of their field, physical scientific discipline. H1b: In-between school instructors certified to learn mathematics will demo an addition in capable content cognition when they teach outside of their field, physical scientific discipline. The other of import yet distinguishable cognition sphere that must be considered is the pedagogical content cognition of the instructor. This was done by replying the inquiry, how much pedagogical content cognition is gained or lost when a in-between school mathematics teacher Teachs outside his/her field in physical scientific discipline? H2: In-between school instructors certified to learn mathematics will demo a lessening in pedagogical content cognition when they teach outside of their field, physical scientific discipline. H2a: In-between school instructors certified to learn mathematics will demo no important alteration in pedagogical content cognition when they teach outside of their field, physical scientific discipline. H2b: In-between school instructors certified to learn mathematics will demo an addition in pedagogical content cognition when they teach outside of their field, physical scientific discipline. Finally, the last set of inquiries combines the measurings for both topic and pedagogical content cognition to find an overall consequence on instructor quality. By sing both cognition domains as equal subscribers to the overall step of a teacher quality we can find the general consequence ( addition or lessening ) that in-between school mathematics instructors who teach outside of the field ( physical scientific discipline ) may see. What is the overall consequence on instructor quality when a in-between school mathematics teacher Teachs outside his/her field in physical scientific discipline? H3: The overall quality of in-between school instructors certified to learn mathematics will diminish when they teach outside of their field, physical scientific discipline. H3a: The overall quality of in-between school instructors certified to learn mathematics will demo no important alteration when they teach outside of their field, physical scientific discipline. H3b: The overall quality of in-between school instructors certified to learn mathematics will increase when they teach outside of their field, physical scientific discipline. Restrictions and Boundary lines The population used in this survey was its primary restriction. The sample of participants included 21 instructors that were certified to learn in-between school mathematics in Illinois. The research worker administered both the Algebraic Ideas Survey ( DTAMS ) and the Physical Science Survey ( DTAMS ) . Each study took approximately 60 proceedingss to finish. A committedness of two hours of the participants ‘ clip was a big petition ; this limited the figure of participants willing to react to this survey. The studies were so sent to the University of Louisville Center for Research in Mathematics and Science Teacher Development ( CRMSTD ) for analysis by the research worker of this survey. The analysis included a comparing of both capable content cognition and pedagogical content cognition of the instructors for both in-field ( mathematics ) and out-of-field ( physical scientific discipline ) . The consequences of this comparing addressed straight the research inquiries found in this survey. Distinct advantages and disadvantages occur that are declarative of a descriptive research design. This survey specifically targets the relationship between in-field tonss and out-of-field tonss doing a correlational analysis an appropriate foundation. A correlational analysis lent itself of course in seeking relationships between capable content cognition, pedagogical content cognition and among the related demographics. However, no affair how important the correlativity, causing can non be inferred due to possible influence of unbridled immaterial variables. Several statistical methods were implemented so as to counter the influence certain specific variables may hold on the consequences of this survey. These variables include age, experience, educational history, and socio-economic work environment. Finally, it is of import to observe that respondents were non given the chance for elucidation of study inquiries nor did they have an chance to explicate their reading of the inquiry. Misconstrued inquiries frequently times led to an inappropriate response when in fact the participant may really good hold a clear and strong apprehension of the topic or variable features being measured. Definition of Footings In this research survey, it is peculiarly of import to explicitly specify any cardinal footings. In the undermentioned subdivision the primary key footings are defined. Capable Content Knowledge for the Out-of-Field Assessment Declarative Knowledge: A This cognition is entirely based on facts and definitions. Teachers with this cognition have the accomplishments to execute rote algorithmic undertakings that are indispensable to work outing jobs. The ability to remember facts, regulations, scientific Torahs and definitions is a important constituent in instruction ( Brown, McGatha, A ; Karp, 2006 ) . Scientific Inquiry and Procedures: A Scientific processs and attacks represent the cognition type that allows for the ability to acknowledge the elements of scientific enquiry such as placing inquiries for scientific enquiry, design and behavior scientific probes and experiments, use appropriate informations aggregation and analysis techniques, the ability to believe critically about the informations and to do logical decisions and accounts ( Brown, McGatha, A ; Karp, 2006 ) . Conventional Knowledge: A Schematic cognition represents a more in-depth apprehension of the nature of scientific constructs, rules and related phenomenon. Teachers with this cognition can efficaciously compare and contrast assorted scientific belongingss and features and can explicate bounds and the development of current scientific cognition ( Brown, McGatha, A ; Karp, 2006 ) . Science, Technology, and Society Knowledge ( STS ) : This cognition allows instructors to bridge the spread between the scientific community and its influences on society as a whole. Teachers were able to show a thorough apprehension of the function that human demands play in the development and application of scientific discipline every bit good as a historical and planetary position of how scientific finds have impacted society. It is the nature by which scientific discipline, engineering, society, and current environments interact and germinate as a individual entity ( Brown, McGatha, A ; Karp, 2006 ) . Capable Content Knowledge for the In-Field Assessment Memorized Cognition: This is most closely related to the antecedently mentioned declaratory cognition in the old appraisal. This is cognition that is based upon using the accomplishments and algorithms necessary for accurate calculation. This is non conceptual by nature nor is it a step of job work outing abilities. Teachers with this cognition can execute calculations affecting assorted algorithms, definitions, and a remembrance of facts ( DTAMS, 2006 ) . Conceptual Understanding: This cognition corresponds most closely to Schematic Knowledge for the scientific discipline appraisal, wherein it represents the knowing and understanding why. Teachers with this cognition have the ability to do connexions between mathematical subjects and to see the general relationship that unambiguously binds these subjects into cosmopolitan constructs ( Brown, McGatha, A ; Karp, 2006 ) . Problem Solving and Reasoning: This cognition represents the tactical cognition needed to infer what is of import mathematical information in non-standard math jobs, and cognize how and why one can use different mathematical attacks to happen solutions to an array of applications ( Brown, McGatha, A ; Karp, 2006 ) . Pedagogical Content Knowledge Pedagogical Content Knowledge: Lee Shulman coined the phrase â€Å" pedagogical content cognition † in 1985 and possibly specify it best in his ain words ( Shulman, 1987, p. 13 ) : [ Pedagogical Content Knowledge is the ability to ] elucidate capable affair in new ways, reorganize and divider it, clothe it in activities and emotions, in metaphors and exercisings, and in illustrations and presentations, so that it can be grasped by pupils. Additionally, pedagogical content cognition â€Å" represents a category of cognition that is cardinal to instructors ‘ work and that would non typically be held by non-teaching capable affair experts or by instructors who know little of that topic † ( Marks, 1990, p. 9 ) . For this survey the term Pedagogical Content Knowledge most closely reflected the following definition from the Diagnostic Teacher Assessment in Mathematics and Science: This cognition represents strategic cognition for mathematics teaching- † cognizing when, where, and how to outdo Teach mathematics † ( Brown, McGatha, A ; Karp, 2006, p. 1 ) . Once once more these appraisals concentrated on the usage of pedagogical content cognition in the rectification of pupil misconceptions about mathematics. Teachers with this cognition can fulfill two standards: acknowledge the pupils ‘ misconceptions, and depict the most effectual ways to learn peculiar mathematical constructs utilizing the most powerful analogies, illustrations, illustrations, accounts, experiments, and presentations. Middle School Teachers For the intents of this survey in-between school instructor is defined as any instructor certified to learn 6th, 7th, and 8th class. Significance of the Study Teachers in high poorness, high minority schools are more likely to be less experient, less educated, learning on exigency licenses or releases, and learning topics for which they are non qualified ( Carroll, Reichardt A ; Guarino, 2000 ; Darling-Hammond, 2002 ; Goe, 2002 ; Hanushek, Kain, O’Brien, A ; Rivkin, 2005 ; Ingersoll, 2002 ; Lankford, Loeb, A ; Wyckoff, 2002 ; Marvel, Lyter, Peltola, Strizek, A ; Morton, 2007 ; Peske A ; Haycock, 2006 ; Scafidi, Sjoquist, A ; Stinebrickner, 2007 ; Useem A ; Farly, 2004 ) . Mathematicss and scientific discipline, in peculiar, are typically targeted as Fieldss most enduring from deficits ( Grissmer A ; Kirby, 1992, 1997 ; Liu A ; Ramsey, 2008 ; Murnane et al. , 1991 ; National Commission on Mathematics and Science Teaching, 2000 ; Weiss A ; Boyd, 1990 ) . In fact, legion high-profile studies from organisations including the National Academy of Sciences ( 2006 ) , the National Research Council ( 2002 ) , and the US Department of Education ( 2002 ) have straight tied mathematics and scientific discipline instructor deficits to the quality of educational public presentation and, in bend, to the future wellbeing of the economic system and the security of the state. Although many in-between school decision makers may experience it necessary to use instructors in countries for which they are under-qualified, this survey may bespeak the hazards to student accomplishment based on an out-of-field policy. Research has systematically pointed to effectual instruction as the most important factor impacting pupil accomplishment ( Babu A ; Mendro, 2003 ; Manizade, 2007 ; Rivkin, Hanushek, A ; Kain, 2005 ) . This survey is important to foster the apprehension of the benefits and/or hazards of utilizing out-of-field instructors in a in-between school scientific discipline category. Repeating the educational demand for quality instructors, the research community including the Research and Development ( RAND ) Mathematics Study Panel of 2003 had called for increasing criterions for teacher readying plans ( RAND, 2003 ) . This survey would offer some penetration as to the direct and distinguishable difference in instructor quality when sing a arrangement of an out-of-field instructor into a schoolroom that they are non to the full prepared to learn. Decision Additions in pupil accomplishment are, more frequently than non, accredited to the quality of the instructor. Loopholes in the hiring patterns of quality instructors have led to an addition in out-of-field instructors in the schoolroom. In chapter 1 it was stated that research workers normally view teacher quality as a combination of both capable content cognition and pedagogical content cognition. The intent of this research was to mensurate the difference in teacher quality between in-field and out-of-field instructors. The consequences of this survey are important in that it contributes to the broader apprehension of how out-of-field instructor impact instruction. Chapter one is an overview of the research that was performed ; an debut to the background of the job, intent of the survey, research inquiries with hypotheses, definition of cardinal footings, restrictions of the survey, and the importance of the survey. In the undermentioned chapters, there is a reappraisal of the relevant research related to this survey, an account of the methods employed, informations analysis with an account of the consequences, and a treatment of how the consequences could be applied. How to cite Subject Content Knowledge For The In Field Assessment Education Essay, Essay examples

Human Rights and Civil Liberties ABC Corner Program

Question: Discuss about theHuman Rights and Civil Liberties for ABC Corner Program. Answer: Introduction The ABC corner program on Australias Shameon shows how the beliefs and the rights of minors or children are infringed. There is a detention prison set up in Australia where minors are locked up, children of about 10 years or even thirteen fourteen years are detained as a way of keeping them in solitary confinement (Australia Australia, 2013). A situation that has been silent for a long period of time until one of the children who was locked up decides to speak out. His name is Jake Roper. He talks of how humiliating the cell confinement was and how minors were suffering and still continues to suffer. The notorious cell where children are confined is known as Don Dale Youth Detention Centre. The uncouth situation that minors go through triggers the interest of one Caro Meldrum who is a reporter to intervene into the situation and get the finer details. After getting finer the detail through the assistance of the indomitable Jake Roper who is majorly determined to speak about the truth and to inform the public about the real situation in the subject prison, Caro Meldrum then decides to collaborate with on Sarah Ferguson who presents the report to the entire Australian public and unmasks the situation. It is a situation that is condemned by many people including prominent professionals like lawyers and even one particular judge by the name Judge Sue Oliver who expresses his discomfort when he usually give his judgments to minors and sending them to the juvenile home in context. Therefore, the status quo presented by the subject detention prison and the brutality attached to it from officers is one that is argued by very key and prominent scholars to have breached a number of areas as we are going to discuss in the subsequent paragraphs (Australia Mitchell, 2005). Main breaches of Australias obligations under the International Convention on the Elimination of Racial under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (Articles that has been violated under ICCPR) Article 6 has been Violated Under ICCPR The subject area covers mainly factual situations and articles that are generated from ICCPR. The first Australian obligation that is breached is on Article 6 under division 1 of the Australian Human Rights obligation. The purpose of this particular article is to explain the relevance of international human rights law to children. It covers a wider perspective on how children are suppose to be treated and how correctional services are suppose to be designed to fit offering correction to minor (Australia, 2003). This particular article has been violated because a number of young boys are reported to have been mistreated in Don Dale Youth detention. The freedom and right to basic necessities were being denied to the young detainees like the already captured Jake Roper and Jared Sharp. When being interviewed by ABC Corner Program, the two individuals expressed their displeasure of the condition of the detention centre and the brutality that was associated to it (Bayefsky, 2000). The latter personality in the previous statement also mentioned a scenario where they were being stripped naked, tear gassed and even threatened on other grounds. These acts among other major acts proved an aspect of lack of sense for obedience to human rights and therefore breached the Australias obligation under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Article 7 has also been Violated Under ICCPR The other obligation that is breached is on Article 7 under the Australian obligation. This subject guards against mistreatment and right against torture. It outlines penalties that are supposed to be awarded to individual who breach this particular article under the Australian obligation. The public expressed mixed opinions towards those in charge of Don Dale Youth detention. This is because the detention in context provided an environment that supports torte and other inhuman barbaric methods of punishing young detainees (Byre et al, 2011). The mentioned key areas are argued to have been a breach on Australias obligations that is under International Covenant on Civil and political rights. International civil and political rights are mainly concerned with human rights protection but this has been infringed as discussed in the above paragraphs. Main Breaches of Australia obligation under the Convention on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (Articles of CERD that have been breached) First Article to be breached Article 2 of CERD The subject convention mainly deals with in respect to the article in context deals with cases of human degradation as seen in ABC report program on the treatment that the young captives were going through were influenced by the fact aspect of race (Commonwealth Secretariat, 2007). The main breach of Australian obligation under the mentioned convention is on the protection on human dignity and other related obligations. Instead the officers who works in detention at Don Dale to exercising equity in offering correctional services to their captives, they treated are treated with contempt. The Second Article to be Breached is on Article 5 of CERD The other obligation of Australias convention on the elimination of racial discrimination is on article 5 that guards against discrimination. In the captured report, the officers are mentioned to have threatened one of the minor who was a girl that should she not behave herself, she will be detained with other people who rape others (Chappell, Chesterman Hill, 2009). This led to fear and even brought withdrawal to the girl. On the same note, she was also discriminated on the basis of her color among other related obligations that were seen to have been a breach Australias obligation under the convention on elimination of racial discrimination. Main Breaches of Australias Obligation under the Convention Against Torture and other Cruel Inhuman and Degrading Treatment of Ounishment (Article of CAT that has been breached) The main aspect in the Australian Obligation under the convention against torture and other cruel inhuman and degrading treatment is on the treatment that people especially Australian citizens are subjected to and is usually seen as not humane and degrading to the human race. The main breach of Australian obligation under the subject convention is on the treatment of people with dignity and respect and respect of human rights (Featherby, 2011). It is clear that the treatment that was being accorded to the likes of Jake Roper and his colleagues was inhuman and without any sense of dignity at all. A case is mentioned in the ABC report program where at one point; Jake Roper climbed the wall of Don Dale detention and threw a glass piece on one of the officers. His actions were met by fierce reproach that those who watched including one lawyer among the Australian citizens heckled (Feldman, 2002). The officers poke him on the window and after that; they made a call to the riot department. A police dog was brought and Jake Roper had to climb the window to plead for help because he feared the police dog. He had heard history on how police dog usually hunt people down. Therefore he had to struggle for his well being. He pleaded to the officers that he was going to stop his actions but they laughed at him and finally the officers ended by lodging teargas on their room. The young detainees are reported to have cried for help and nobody took note of their cry. This act was seen by humanist experts within Australia as inhuman and condemned it in all sense including the judge who usually pass judgments to minors for detention in the detention centre in question (Foster, 2011). The UN Charter based United Nations Human Rights Institutions, Offices or Procedures that might raise issues about the activities displayed in the ABC Four Corner Program of Australias shame The UN charter based United Nations Human Rights Institution that cares for the rights of all persons within the global sphere. There are usually a number of human right charters that ensure s the rights of people are safeguarded and none is violated. With reference to the question, the UN charter that is committed based United Nations Human Rights Institution that can raise issues on the barbarism displayed by the Don Dale detention from the report of ABC program is that on Human Rights Council, which is a charter that is created under the international human rights treaties (Gearty, 2007). On the same note, the charter is also made up of a number of key experts who are independent and given the mandate to monitor the rights of human beings. The subject charter is likely to involve itself in the circumstances where the officers mistreated the young detainees at Don Dale detention and even question the size of the environment where the young detainees were held. The most issue that the charter may raise is for the government of the day to take full control of the state or the Australian government and ensure that everyone is protected and the right to equality is not ignored at all cost and made applicable to everyone. Brief point by point memorandum to Senator Simone Straightforward in her role of minister representing the attorney general Memorandum one Why the Australian Human Rights Commission is restricted to an inventory and conciliatory role in relation to pieces of Commonwealth anti discrimination legislation The main reason why Australian Human Rights Commission is restricted to both an inventory and conciliatory role in relation to pieces of commonwealth anti discrimination is because of the complaints that have been raised forward that the subject role used is informal and may not offer much (McCormack Simpson, 2016). On the same note, the subject commission is argued to be independent and is allowed to conduct inventory and conciliatory role in relation to the subject, there is a threat of its independency being compromise. It is because of this that the commission in context has to be restricted. Part B Reason for existence of a parallel process for commonwealth anti- discrimination complaints in the Federal Circuit Court and Federal Courts The main reason for the existence of a parallel process for commonwealth anti- discrimination complaint in the two courts in question is because the two courts are of limited jurisdiction. This conveys the meaning that, the courts can only hear those cases that are authorized by the federal statutes. Therefore, being that the commonwealth anti- discrimination complaints are not under federal statutes, it cannot be heard in both the Federal Circuit Court and Federal Courts. On the same view, Commonwealth is an international body that has got various policies that guides its functioning at the international level that includes where it lodges its complaints on cases that are attached to it at the international level (In Haeck In Brems, 2014). Series of well researched draft debating points for affirmative action by the UNE LSS team coach It has been noticed in the recent past that the benefits of Australia Charter of rights have been surprisingly and also unexpectedly been in both their legal positive and in non litigious matters (Michelmann, International Association of Centers for Federal Studies Forum of Federal, 2009). It is out of this debate that I prepare the following series of well researched and draft points for affirmative action. The first point why the Australia charter has been in line with the above subject is because, the charter have got powerful effect on the coming up with new law and also on bringing an improvement in terms of accountability of the Australian government to the Australian people. The Australia charter also makes a difference majorly to the protection of human rights by offering effect to the freedoms that are usually assumed at the initial level. The charter also offers a creation in terms of an Australian reference points against which the proposed laws has to be examined. In support of this, my team will offer an argument that the right thing to be done is on conducting debates on the law in parliament and also within the community primaries (Stone, 2014). The other point is on the concern that the charter offers an allowance with reference to any law that is already documented on the book; it offers determination of whether there is a breaching on human rights. The final key concern that enables the charter to be viewed in terms of how it is viewed is that, the charter marks a vital shift that is not only applicable to the law alone but also on how politics is approached and the policies that are of government nature. My team will offer support to this with regards to legal practice and also by mentioning that it ensures that basic freedom and the dignity of human being are taken into keen concern at the earliest time possible of both the development of law as well as policy. Nevertheless, my team will not forget to include the fact that an Australian charter owns and the current definition as explained in the question objectivity because it is seen to be at the guard of human rights and freedom against any form of violation from any source. References Australia Australia. (2013). Parliamentary debates (Hansard): Senate. Canberra: Commonwealth Govt. Printer. Australia Mitchell, R. (2005). Human rights and the Migration Act 1958: April 1985. Canberra: Australian Govt. Pub. Service. Australia. (2003). Parliamentary debates (Hansard). Canberra: Commonwealth Government Printer. Bayefsky, A. F. (2000). Human rights and forced displacement. The Hague [u.a.: Nijhoff. Byre, A. D., Byfield, B. Y., Interights (Organization), Organisation of Commonwealth Caribbean Bar Associations., Workshop on the International Protection of Human Rights. (2011). International human rights law in the Commonwealth Caribbean. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. Commonwealth Secretariat. (2007). Comparative study on mandates of national human rights institutions in the Commonwealth. London, U.K: Commonwealth Secretariat. Chappell, L. A., Chesterman, J., Hill, L. (2009). The politics of human rights in Australia. Port Melbourne, VIC: Cambridge University Press. Featherby, J. (2011). Global business and human rights: Jurisdictional comparisons. London: European Lawyer/FutureLex. Feldman, D. (2002). Civil liberties and human rights in England and Wales. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. Fenwick, H., Kerrigan, K. (2008). Civil liberties and human rights, 2007-2008. London: Routledge-Cavendish. Foster, S. (2011). Human rights and civil liberties. Harlow: Longman. Gearty, C. A. (2007). European civil liberties and the European convention on human rights: A comparative study. The Hague [u.a.: Nijhoff. In Haeck, Y., In Brems, E. (2014). Human rights and civil liberties in the 21st Century. In Hellum, A., In Aasen, H. S. (2013). Women's human rights: CEDAW in international, regional, and national law. McCormack, T. L. H., Simpson, G. J. (2016). The law of war crimes: National and international approaches. The Hague: Kluwer Law International. Michelmann, H. J., International Association of Centers for Federal Studies., Forum of Federations. (2009). Foreign relations in federal countries. Montreal [Que.: Published for Forum of Federations = Forum des feÃÅ' deÃÅ' rations and iacfs, International Association of Centers for Federal Studies by McGill-Queen's University Press. Stone, R. (2014). Textbook on civil liberties and human rights.

3 Types of Scare Quotes

3 Types of Scare Quotes 3 Types of Scare Quotes 3 Types of Scare Quotes By Mark Nichol Framing a word or phrase in scare quotes, or quotation marks used for emphasis, can be an effective tool for signaling editorial distance- that is, subtly and succinctly clarifying that the word or phrase is not of the writer’s choosing or that it is euphemistic or otherwise specious or spurious. However, too often, scare quotes are gratuitous or redundant, as shown in the examples below: 1. They must look to the senior management to help them acquire this â€Å"big picture† view. This sentence features gratuitous use of scare quotes- gratuitous, because the writer seems to mistakenly assume that any idiom, no matter how quotidian, must be enclosed in quotation marks to signal that the meaning is not literal. The marks are unnecessary with most established idiom: â€Å"They must look to the senior management to help them acquire this big-picture view.† 2. The guidelines set forth the separate responsibilities for management and so-called â€Å"front-line† units. Here, the scare quotes are redundant. The quotation marks serve to inform the reader that the writer did not generate a word or phrase; rather, he or she is merely reporting a usage that someone else employed. But so-called signals this fact to the reader, so it is superfluous to use scare quotes as well. When such redundancy occurs, the writer (or editor) should opt to delete the scare quotes and retain so-called: â€Å"The guidelines set forth the separate responsibilities for management and so-called front-line units.† 3. That same budget funded quote-unquote â€Å"crisis pregnancy centers.† Using the phrase quote-unquote in speech is understandable, because scare quotes are not visible in speech- another approach is to use air quotes, hand gestures that suggest quotation marks- but in writing, doing so is an intrusive alternative to so-called: â€Å"That same budget funded so-called crisis pregnancy centers.† (In this case, however, because the writer is criticizing the use of the euphemistic phrase â€Å"crisis pregnancy centers† for a type of facility associated with deceptive advertising and misleading information, use of scare quotes in lieu of so-called is also appropriate.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Homograph Examples50 Idioms About Roads and PathsMankind vs. Humankind

Urk is not a standard spelling

Urk is not a standard spelling Urk is not a standard spelling Urk is not a standard spelling By Maeve Maddox Yes, it’s in the Urban Dictionary, but then, what isn’t? I’ve begun noticing the spelling â€Å"urk† where standard English calls for irk. Headline on the Keene-Valley (NY) Forum: what urks me most Blog title: Stuff That Urks Me Twitter Tweet: One thing that URKS ME THE MOST is people who cross the street when it clearly says DONT WALK! irk: to irritate or disgust (as a person) usually by reason of tiresome or wearying qualities -Merriam-Webster The etymology of irk is uncertain. It may be related to O.N. yrkju â€Å"work.† The modern use of the verb irk with the meaning â€Å"annoy† dates from the late 15th century. The adjective irksome, â€Å"bothersome,† dates from the 1510s. (Online Etymology Dictionary) English orthography makes use of five different letter combinations to spell the /er/ sound: er her, after, determine ir sir, stir, girdle, bird ur urn, turn, burn, spurn, pursue, murder, burr, cur (w)or work, word, world, worm, worship ear early, earth, earl, earn, learn, heard, pearl, search, yearn Yes, it does seem excessively irksome to have five ways to spell one sound, but that’s the way it is. The best way to deal with it is to pay attention to words that contain the /er/ sound the first time you have occasion to write them. Romalda Spaldings mnemonic is an effective way to remember the five spellings: Her first nurse works early. In this sentence the spellings occur in the order of their frequency. Most of the time the /er/ sound is spelled er. The er of early, on the other hand, represents the /er/ sound in only a few English words. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Format a UK Business LetterHomogeneous vs. Heterogeneous20 Clipped Forms and Their Place (If Any) in Formal Writing

Managing Human Resources in Contemporary Organisations Essay

Managing Human Resources in Contemporary Organisations - Essay Example Organizations have adopted various strategies and approaches with the aim of overcoming the increasing challenges, as well as meeting or exceeding the set organizational goals and objectives (Redman & Wilkinson, 2009, p. 14). The shift from traditional personnel management to human resource management is one such example of how organizations adopt new approaches and strategies in a bid to increase their competitiveness and improve their performance (Martin-Alcazar, et al., 2012, p. 512). There has been an argument among management practitioners that the traditional personnel management is outdated and that organizations need to adopt a human resource management approach, in order to achieve their goals and objectives in the increasingly challenging business environment (Durovic, 2012, p. 83). This essay will, therefore, discuss whether organizations need to adopt human resource management approach in replacing traditional personnel management that is deemed to be outdated. ... Specifically, personnel management is majorly administrative record-keeping function that seeks to create and maintain employment conditions and terms that are equitable (Legge, 2004, p. 55). On the other hand, the human resource management aims at integrating the functions of traditional personnel management to corporate strategies and goals, as well as performing additional people-centered organizational developmental activities. Basically, it can be seen that the significant differences between these two approaches are in terms of application, approach, and scope (Tripathi, 2002, p. 33). As has been mentioned, personnel management is the traditional approach, while the human resource management is the modern approach. In other words, personnel management preceded human resource management (Storey, 2007, p. 97). The origins of personnel management can be traced to the welfare tradition in the post World War One period where more focus was put on meeting the basic needs of the emplo yees. As the dynamics in relations between management and trade unions changed, the responsibilities of personnel management grew beyond welfare to include areas such as effective personnel and industrial relations administration. Personnel management approach put more emphasis on the formulating and monitoring procedures and rules conformance (Torrington et al, 2002, p. 29). Over the last three decades, there were changes in the business environment that wERE brought about by increasing competition and developments in technology. As a result, customers began to have widened choices which prompted companies to keep innovating and providing the kind of

Cave Allegory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cave Allegory - Essay Example From the time I was a child, down to this very day, there has been one constant in my life that has given me direction. That constant is work. I can never remember a time when I have not been working to accomplish some sort of self-imposed goal. Some of my earliest memories are of shining my grandfather’s boots for a quarter. I had carried groceries, fed dogs, trimmed lawns, weeded gardens and delivered newspapers all before the age of eight. As I matured, the work in which I engaged became more complex, physical and financially rewarding. My memories of working are probably so vivid because coupled with this desire to work has been the desire for stuff. I have been blessed and cursed with an inordinate streak of materialism. Like a raven, I am constantly attracted to shiny baubles and glittering gizmos. For the first two decades of my life, this focus on material possessions and the accumulation of artifacts was the drive behind my work efforts. Coming from a thoroughly worki ng class background, money was not something my parents had to give to me. I’m not sure how, but I always instinctively knew this from the earliest age. My mother has told me that I have never asked for a toy while in a shop; not even so much as a piece of candy. Somehow I always realized that the answer would be a resounding no. So I did what I observed the adults in my community doing. I worked for what I wanted. The praise for my work ethic came early and often. â€Å"Such as good helper† and â€Å"What a hard worker† was like the refrain of a sweet song I loved to hear. Work and save was the order of the day. Buy the gadget and then another. Impress your friends with your stuff. Looking back, I can see that what I thought was the due reward to a job well done was actually a sort of blindness that kept me from seeing and experiencing so much of life that is beautiful and sustaining. My materialism was not a reward. It was a shroud that blocked out the light o f a greater way. Everything in my life was jolted by the death of a cousin and dear friend during a summer holiday. In the morning we were on the beach, having a wonderful time. By the time for our evening meal, she was dead in the hospital. No one understood what had happened, but later the entire family would get and education we neither wanted nor asked for in the biology of the brain and the dangers of aneurisms. My first experience with the death of a loved one was like a light being shone into a cave for the first time. I suddenly saw that despite all of my possessions and my admirable willingness to work for them, they were in fact of little worth. Amid the brooding and mourning in the weeks following the death of my cousin, I realized for the first time in my life that everything I had worked so hard to accomplish was truly transitory. I would die, just like my cousin. No amount of MP3 players or fine clothes would change this fact. I became depressed. The center of my world , my stuff, now held no joy for me. My depression was, thankfully, of the 24-hour variety. I found that my new perspective on life and death was somehow liberating. For the first time in memory, I spent an entire day not thinking about what I was going to buy next or how I was going to earn my next bit of money. I spread a blanket in a nearby park and watched squirrels for four hours. I took a nap. I read a book (not a sales catalog) for the first time in months. I meditated. I asked myself a question. What good is work if all it gets me is stuff? I am not a

Oligopoly Market Conditions

Oligopoly Market Conditions Oligopoly is such a market situation wherein the number of sellers is few and the numbers of buyer are many. That is unlike the monopolistic competition the seller are not one but at least two and could range up to ten. This is because of the following reasons. Heavy input costs of producing the product making it difficult for every firm to make investments. Entry barriers made by the bigger firms in the form of government regulations, price competition, brand setting and other pressure tactics. The method of production requires specialization which is not available with other firms. Product enjoys monopoly in the market. Thus the above mentioned few reasons can become the cause of set up of an oligopoly market. Number of sellers and buyers in oligopoly: Now Oligopoly, as mentioned above can have from two to tens suppliers, rather than one in the case of monopoly market. Thus they together become the price setters instead of price takers. Any rise in price will benefit the rise in sales of other company products that may be similar or differentiated. Reason being the other companies wont follow in rising their product prices as they would be expecting an increase in sales. On the other side, any fall in price will not help gain many customers, as the other companies will respond in a similar pattern and the result will be price war. Thus declining the price level would not help gain as many customers as expected. Price Equilibrium in Oligopoly: An equilibrium condition is when the prices remain unstable and the supply remains same. To increase the demand of the products and meet the competition of other products in the market, these firms indulge in heavy advertising campaigns. Through advertisements they teach the customers about the new feature that is added in their product and various other benefits of using their product. This sometimes results in putting stains on the other companys product in indirect words. Examples of Oligopoly: A number of examples of Oligopoly market situation can be figured out around us. These are explained as follows. PepsiCo and Coca Cola Co. are the two market leader and sellers of soft drinks around the world. Thus two numbers of firms selling to large number of buyers makes it an Oligopoly market. Furthermore these companies are always making heavy investments on advertisements around the globe. Some of the advertisements may be meant to harm the brand image of other. The result in another advertisement in response. Sometimes these matters are even taken to courts for settlement. Boeing and Airbus are another two large companies that makes planes to foster the need of various countries. Again these are two companies, which are the sign of Oligopoly market conditions. These companies although do not make much advertisements, but offers latest techniques at competitive prices by making product differentiation and attracting customers around the globe. OPEC includes a few numbers of sellers of petroleum product throughout the world. As the number of seller is not two but not many either. The numbers of buyers are large, including countries in Asia, Africa, Europe etc. Diagrammatic representation of Oligopoly: As we know that in the Oligopoly is a market where in the number of seller are more than two but not higher in number, whereas the buyers are many. Moreover the price rise results in benefitting the other companys product sales. And on the other hand the price fall results in attracting only a few customers. This type of market conditions can be displayed as follows. From the above diagram its clear that this diagram is very similar to monopoly market situation. But the difference is this type of condition remains for a definite price period. That is if any firm try to raise its prices from Pc to Po the result would be benefit to other firms. Whereas if a firm try to reduce its product prices than that would not foster him more customers than expected. The result would be affecting the profit margins. Thus a Cooperative Oligopoly price level is administered where in all the companies agree to follow a minimum price levels to earn good profits. Any displacement from the agreed price would affect the changer or so called the Cheater, either by fall in demand or fall in profits. Thus a Nash Equilibrium point can be accepted by all the companies in the Oligopoly where in all the companies earn good profits at the present output and price levels. Features of Oligopoly: Now we can conclude the features of the Oligopoly market conditions. These are as follows. Few producers or sellers and high numbers of buyers. Product differentiation is up to some level or no product differentiation. The firms enjoy normal profits in normal market conditions. The firms depend on advertisements, quality rivalry and generally accepted by the group of firms. Economies of scale will exist, as heavy investment and improved technology is needed to get similar quality output at the competitive costs. New firms cannot enter the market, as the old firms create a barrier through government restrictions, heavy investments, pressure techniques like takeover of the uprising company. Swift action is taken on the change in price level and defaming advertising campaign by according price change and responsive advertisements. Conclusion: In the nutshell we can say that the Oligopoly market situation is very similar to Monopoly market situation but with more than one number of seller up to limit extent. The pricing is done by proper agreement between the firms. The product differentiation may or may not present. The firms spend heavy on the advertising campaign and keep a close look at the advertising of other companies and response accordingly. The firms earn normal profits but input barriers on the new entrants.

Autobiography: My inspiration

Inspirations come from many avenues. My inspiration came when I was 16 years old in the form of a 3 pound baby boy measuring the length of a ruler. Being a young adolescent myself, this was a very trying time for me. My son was born almost three months early and could very easily have not survived. The birth of my first child is what changed my life forever and shaped me into the person I am today. At the age of seventeen I was attending high school, being a mother to my son, and working away from home as a waitress; all the while missing my little boy beyond words.I knew right then what I wanted to do with my life. I wanted to watch my son grow. I wanted to not only be his mother but also his teacher. As my life moved forward my family grew. I was lucky enough to have the privilege to stay at home with my children. During this time I decided that caring for children and helping them grow was what I wanted to do. I started doing child care for a few of my friend’s children and absolutely fell in love with it. This is what I have always done and is something that has always come completely natural to me.Being responsible for a child’s growth while watching them learn and mature right before my eyes is an amazing feeling and a blessing. My children are now all in school full time which has me feeling ready to share the passion I have in caring for, nurturing, and teaching children with others. After I complete my CDA coursework my goal is to become a preschool teacher. I feel with current education with child development and the love I have for watching children’s developmental growth this will be a great future for me.

Applications of computers in various fields Essay

Computers have their application or utility everywhere. We find their applications in almost every sphere of life–particularly in fields where computations are required to be done at a very fast speed and where data is so complicated that the human brain finds it difficult to cope up with. As you must be aware, computer now-a-days are being used almost in every department to do the work at a greater speed and accuracy. They can keep the record of all the employees and prepare their pay bill in a matter of minutes every month. They can keep automatic checks on the stock of a particular item. Some of the prominent areas of computer applications are: 1)In Tourism:[/B] Hotels use computers to speed up billing and checkout the availability of rooms. So is the case with railways and airline reservations for booking tickets. Architects can display their scale models on a computer and study them from various angles and perspectives. Structural problems can now be solved quickly and accurately. 2)In Banks: [/B]Banks also have started using computers extensively. Terminals are provided in the branch and the main computer is located centrally. This enables the branches to use the central computer system for information on things such as current balance,deposits, overdrafts, interest charges, etc 3)In Industry:[/B] Computers are finding their greatest use in factories and industries of all kinds. They have taken over the work ranging from monotonous and risky jobs like welding to highly complex jobs such as process control. Drills, saws and entire assembly lines can be computerized. Moreover, quality control tests and the manufacturing of products, which require a lot of refinement, are done with the help of computers. 4)In Transportation:[/B] Today computers have made it possible for planes to land in foggy and stormy atmosphere also. The aircraft has a variety of sensors, which measure the plane’s altitude, position, speed, height and direction. Computer use all this information to keep the plane flying in the right direction. In fact, the Auto–pilot feature has made the work of pilot much easy. 5) In Education:[/B] Computers have proved to be excellent teachers. They can possess the knowledge given to them by the experts and teach you with all the patience in the world. You may like to repeat a lesson hundred times, go ahead, you may get tired but the computer will keep on teaching you. Computer based instructions (CBI) and Computer Aided Learning (CAL) are  common tools used for teaching. Computer based encyclopedia such as Britannica provide you enormous amount of information on anything. 6)In Entertainment:[/B] Computers are also great entertainers. Many computer games are available which are like the traditional games like chess, football, cricket, etc. Dungeons and dragons provide the opportunity to test your memory and ability to think. Other games like Braino and Volcano test your knowledge. 7)Science: All branches of science, from astronomy to zoology, depend on computers to further their knowledge on increasing the life span of man. The MRI, the PET, and other computer-aided machines help doctors and scientists to better understand the people’s medical needs. 8)Communications: using computers will never be complete without using the Internet. This global network of networks have swept the lives of many people as daily tasks become handier, communications more convenient, and most of all, sources of information broader and more accessible. 9)Business: Computer has changed how we do business. Gone are the days of labor-intensive and manual way of inputting data through ink and paper. Now, with a few taps of keys and a few clicks of the mouse, good and productive business is on its way. 10)Government: Government offices also depend on computers for its basic needs. From simple letters to the more complicated projects are now being produced through the use of computers. Government agencies and their databases are now interlinked, making it easier for the agencies to monitor economic developments.

Essay on Computer Viruses and Charles Babbage Biography

Essay on Computer Viruses and Charles Babbage Biography Part I Computer Viruses Manual Understanding computer virus A computer virus is a term used to describe malware or basically, any computer program that has the potential of copying itself onto a computer without the intervention of other programs or users. Viruses include malware like adware and spyware, though this malware do not have reproductive ability (Amoroso 1999). A computer virus has a reproductive ability to regenerate itself and infect other computers or other applications within the same machine. A virus can spread rapidly over networks or insecure intranets. It can also be spread by removable medium like USB drive and CDs. Computer viruses term implies all types of unintended programs that attach themselves to applications thus hindering their work. It refers to all types of malware including computer worms, Trojan horses, spyware, rootkits, and adware. These however are not viruses per se since they do not have reproductive ability (Peltier, 2000). Malware is the general term however, that is used to describe all types of malicious code software that re designated to cause harm to computers and other applications. Malware therefore includes such objects like viruses, worms, spyware, phishing, adware, tracking cookies and rootkits. Types of malware Worms Worms are nasty malware that are capable of self-replicating in the computer rapidly. It works by production of endless copies of itself that occupy much space in machines. It also takes up a lot of bandwidth in networks. The main disadvantage of worms is the ability to consume a lot of space and therefore slow down the computer or the network. They however do not corrupt data files in any way. The worst known examples of worms ever to be were the MyDoom and Morris. How worms are acquired Worms are acquired mostly by email attachments. At no time should one open an attachment without scanning it for possibilities of worms. How to protect computer against worms Activate the email scanner and in the antivirus used in the machine. Ensure moreover, that the antivirus used is updated and that its definition covers aspect such as detection and removal of worms Spyware Spywares can sometimes not be that much of a threat to computers. However, the same can cause the slow performance sometimes experience in computers. Spyware, just like the name shows, spies on the browser activities of your machine by monitoring key strokes on the keyboard. The disadvantage is that it can send your browser information to third parties, which can lead to changes happening on the homepage as well as pop-ups that are sometimes experienced on the web browsers. They can also cause redirection of web browsers. How to acquire spyware Computers can be infected with spyware through clicking on links that are associated to a particular site with spyware, through pop up links that appear on web browsers, which normally come as advertisements. There is also another third method in which spyware can affect computers without the use noticing it. This is through drive-by type download. How to prevent infection of spyware In order to curb infection of spyware, users must be vigilant and avoid clicking suspicious links. Pop-ups advertisement should be blocked from the web browsers or as such, users avoid clicking on the same. Finally, have an update and efficient antivirus installed on the system. Adware Adware has threat level of low to intermediate. They do not cause serious harm to computers actually. Adware refers to advertising display software that provides ads in the browser or site in a manner that is annoying to users. The adverts are mostly unexpected, unsolicited and automatically loaded. They cause browsers to display popup menus and windows. Some adware applications also track the browsing patterns of a user and use the data to determine the kind of pop up windows to send to a client How are adware acquired Through browsers by clicking on popup menus. Controlling adware Adware is easy to curb. Having the necessary antivirus that is well updated and is set effectively s the effective way to control hardware. Types of viruses Boot sector virus This kind of virus that is found in the hard disk. It attaches itself to the first logic part of the hard disk and therefore is read first by the computer upon load up. These virus sometimes can sometime cause problems during boot up of a computer. Macro virus These kinds of virus use other applications programming to expand themselves by redistribution. They cause corruption to applications such as Microsoft Office and therefore destroy the document by these applications Memory resident virus These viruses reside in Random Access Memory of a computer. After the program that initiated them closes, the viruses stay in the memory causing problems to process management. Root kit virus This virus is undetectable in a computer. It works but attempting to give a third party control of the computer system. They are installed by Trojans and therefore distinguish themselves as system or program files. Polymorphic viruses Works like worm by replicating themselves and each time it does so change the digital signature associated with it. It is therefore hard to detect these viruses by use of less sophisticated software. Logic Bombs/Time Bombs These applications are programmed to be triggered at a specific time or by a specific action in the system. An example of such virus is one that can delete database entry when an employee is sacked. Tips on how to prevent computer viruses Have a reliable antivirus software installed in the system Have anti-spyware and antimalware programs installed in the system Avoid visiting suspicious websites. These can be known by alerts generated by antivirus Scan all email attachment before opening them Set up automatic virus scanning in the computer regularly All downloads should be from trusted sites. Music and movie downloads can be a source of viruses. Update all the software applications running on the system. This includes operating systems and other user applications. Update antivirus too. Install firewalls in the computer. There are free source firewalls found in the internet. Install these firewalls. Recommended anti-viruses and their prices Use the following antivirus in order to solve the problems related to malware. It is important to note that an un-updated antivirus is useless in system protection. The list below offers choice of anti viruses that can be purchased and installed on the system easily. Kaspersky antivirus It is one of the best anti viruses in the market. It comes with all the needed requirements for protection of the server. Its main advantage is that it provides hourly updates therefore ensuring that one stays ahead of the possible virus attack. Kaspersky antivirus cost US$39.95 in online stores. One can also get a 30-day free trial period (Antivirus Price 2011) Bit defender Bit defender, though one of the best anti-viruses lacks the ability for email scanning. However, the antivirus offers P2P files sharing as well as registry startup protection. It also has hourly updates of the antivirus. Bit defender costs US$40.95 with a seven-day trial period (Antivirus Price, 2011). Trend Macro Trend Macros main function is protection against spyware and adware. It allows remote file lock that is important in safeguarding private files. However, unlike Bit Defender, it lacks P2P file sharing ability as well as Startup scanning. Trend Macro antivirus cost US$ 39.95 online. It also offers a 20% discount and a thirty-day free trial (Antivirus Price, 2011) Norton Antivirus Norton antivirus comes with an added ability to map wireless networks and safeguard Wi-Fi networks. It has no P2P support for file sharing as well as registry start up protection seen in Bit Defender. It comes also with daily updates for the same. Norton comes with a 5-day trial period and thereafter a one payment of USD 38.95 (Antivirus Price, 2011). McAfee Antivirus McAfee is one of the leading anti-viruses in the market (McAfee, 1994). It has the largest databases that offer better advantage in virus detection and scanning. McAfee is built in script stopper as well as Worm Stopper. It offers no support, however, for P2P sharing, instant messenger and start-up of registry (Antivirus Price, 2011). Panda Antivirus Panda antivirus has the advantage that it can scan the system 1/3 faster than other anti-viruses. It has an anti-phishing filter, which protects against phishing as well as anti-banking Trojans Engine. It also offers inbuilt personal firewall that improves computer security. Panda antivirus cost around 40.95 USD (Antivirus Price, 2011). NOD32 Antivirus It has advantages such as blocking any possibility of forwarding personal data to third parties. Its virus updates also come in small sizes unlike other anti-viruses like McAfee, which comes in enormous sizes. It also offers real-time email scanning to all emails send. The antivirus costs USD 39.99 plus a possibility of obtaining a trial of the same for thirty days without paying (Antivirus Price, 2011). AVG antivirus It is one of the oldest antivirus in the market therefore has seen improvement over time. It comes with two applications that are geared towards protection of spyware and rootkits, therefore offering possible security. At USD 43.95, one can obtain panda antivirus from their site or from online stores (Antivirus Price 2011). Part Two Charles Babbage Biography Early life Charles Babbage was born in London on 26th day of December of 1791. His parents were Benjamin andPlumleigh Babbage. Benjamin was a banking partner of the Bitton Estates’ Ptaeds. In the year 1808, his family moved to Rowdens house where the father became a warden of the nearby church of St.Michael (Anthony, 1989). Charles was brought up in a rural setting from the time he was eight. Though his parents had the ability to send him to the best educational institution and receive the best education, he was however not due to the fact that he was suffering from a dangerous fever and it was felt that burdening him with education could be bad for his health. At some point Charles attended King Edward VI grammar school. However, due to his health he was forced to retreat to private teaching for some time. Later, Charles joined a 30-class academy, which had a good library. It was here that Babbage developed love for mathematics and classics. After leaving the academy, he had with him two tutors (Anthony, 1989). In the year 1810, Charles joined Trinity College at Trinity where on arrival was disappointed by the level of Math programs offered. He and his colleagues decided therefore to form an analytical society (Anthony, 1989). In 1814, Babbage married his wife at St. Michaels Church in Teignmouth, Devon. With her, they had nine children though only three of them reached adulthood. He lost his wife, father and son in an 1827 tragedy (Anthony, 1989). Charles’ work By as early as 1812, Charles had started thinking of development of a machine that could be used to solve mathematical problems in order to reduce error rate, which were associated with calculation tables. His inspiration came from existing work done by W. Schickard, B.Pascal, and G. Leibniz (Trevor-Roper 1972). Difference engine In 1822, Babbage presented a model paper of a difference engine to the royal astronomical society, which led to him being granted a funding of 1500 pounds to construct the same (Correlli, 1986). Babbage therefore embarked on construction in the year 1823 after he had employed an assistant to oversee construction of the engine. He spent many hours and days visiting industries in order to understand how operations are run. By then Charles had converted one of his room in his house to be a workshop for the process. In 1832, he published a paper on economy of machinery and manufacture. This formed the basis of operations research done today. Work came to a stop in the year 1827, after Babbage almost suffered a breakdown coupled with the loss of his immediate family members. He was advised to take a holiday, which he took, by going to Italy. It is here where he was named the Lucasian professor of mathematics. He returned to England in 1828 where he moved to Dorset Street and continued his work on the machine (Klibansky, 1939). The difference engine was later abandoned in 1834 after many problems between Babbage assistant and the government. The government stopped funding and Babbage demanded that the treasury pay his assistant directly instead of him drawing money from the allocated amount. His assistant left him and refused to turn in designs of drawings and tools for the construction of the difference engine. The total amount that the unfinished project took was 29,000 pounds including six thousand pounds, which came from Babbage’s pocket. Analytical engine After the failure of the difference engine, he started to think of a more general machine that could solve many computations and not only difference sums. Between 1833 and 1842, Babbage tried to build analytical machine (Francis, 1952). The product was successful and a machine that was able to use its output as input was produced. It used punched cards to define inputs and the calculations to perform on them. It consisted of the mill and the store (George, 1955). In comparison to modern-day computers, the mill can be termed as the CPU while the store can be compared to main memory. The mill measured fifteen feet tall and six feet in diameter. The store on the other part stretched an enormous twenty-five feet. Second difference engine After the end of analytical engine in 1846, Babbage designed another difference engine. He was motivated by the enormous knowledge he had gained from the production of analytical engine. This time round, he improved the design of the engine only applying a third of the parts that he used in the initial engine. He however never built the engine instead, he designed the parts and made no attempt of improving the same (Wiener, 1981). Accomplishments He was awarded a gold medal by the Royal Astronomical society in 1824 for his invention of an engine that was able to calculate mathematical and astronomical tables. He was a professor of mathematics at Cambridge from 1828 to 1839. Babbage published in 1937 his ninth paper forwarding the thesis of God having omnipotence and divine legislations. Charles Babbage also broke a cryptographic key known as Vigenere’s auto key cipher. His achievement in this field led to application of it in military campaigns In 1838, he invented a machine that was